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Showing posts with label Airports. Show all posts

8:36 AM , , ,
In the preface to the fourth edition of this text, the late Dr. Francis McKelvey remarked that the technological and legislative developments related to the air transportation industry in the 1980s and early 1990s were of such significance that an updating of the book was needed. The fourth edition, published in 1994, enhanced previous editions, the first of which was published in 1962.
Planning and Design of Airports (5th Edition) by Robert Horonjeff,Francis X. McKelvey,William J. Sproule,Seth B. Young
In the 16 years since this last update, it may be said that the changes to the practice of airport planning and design have been more significant than in any other era in the history of aviation. Implementation of twenty-first-century technologies has resulted in the first major overhaul to aircraft and air navigation systems in generations, computer-based analytical and design models have replaced antiquated monographs and estimation tables, and highly significant geopolitical events have all but rewritten the rules of planning, designing, and operating civil-use airports.
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3:49 PM ,
Background

•Past

–Initially airport planning was carried out to meet the local aviation needs of the community.
–Air travel demand was limited, there was less noise on roads and in air and to have an airport closer to home was a matter of pride.
–There were lesser of accidents and people were less concerned about the happenings.


•Present

–Now days, in the web of metropolitan life, concerned pride has vanished as people want to live in peaceful environment.
–They want to avail the facilities closer to the door steps and at the same time do not want to pay the price of progress.
–Land is getting costly and huge land required for an airport (10 x 25) miles area for a large airport) has made selection of site for a new airport difficult.
–The requirements are often conflicting and interdependent. This has made airport planning a costly, complex and highly technical work.

Airport Planning Problems

•Securing sufficient air space for access to air. It may not be much of a problem for us except closer to restricted areas.
•Securing sufficient land for ground operations within airport boundaries.
•Securing adequate ground access to the airport which will increase with increase in air travel demand
•Passengers are interested from door to door travel time and service where as due to technical and cost compulsions airports are generally located away from city centre. It's incorporation in metropolitan life is a problem.
•Obstruction due to industrial/ residential developments closer to airport because of initially cheap land and suitable access hampers the planning.
•Radical development in nature of air transport has increased unfavorable community reaction. Bigger size aircrafts have increased aircraft approach and runway requirements and aggravated noise problem.

Airport Planning Studies

•Government lays down the National Transport Policy to which Aviation Policy forms a part. Planning is a carried out at different levels to meet the policy needs. Plans are prepared which are interlinked and are based on different studies conducted at the planning level. Lower the level more will be the details and more specific will be the plan.
•Planning remains a continuous process, i.e. a plan is continuously assessed and modified based upon different types of studies. These studies which relate to facility, traffic, market, economics and environment planning etc are performed, evaluated and analyzed at different levels. In relation to airports there are three levels of planning and related planning studies.
•System planning level.
•Master planning level.
•Project planning level.

Airport System Plan

It represents the overall aviation facilities required to meet the immediate and future needs of a metropolitan area, region or country. In our context, System Plan recommends new airports and facilities, timing and estimated cost of within the policy framework.

Airport Master Plan

A plan for construction of new airport or significant expansion of existing facilities in relation to other modes of transport and identified in Airport System Plan.


Airport Project Plan

Detailed plan of a specific development planned in immediate future for an airport; focusing on a specific element of Airport Master Plan.It includes engineering and architectural designs, assessing environmental effects, financial plan and schedule of construction.
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4:32 PM , ,
Airport configuration means number and orientation of runways and location of terminal area relative to runways. 
        Terminal area is located relative to runways with a view to : -
a.Provide easy and timely access to runways.
b.Provide shortest taxiing distance from terminal area to takeoff ends of runway.
c.Provide shorter taxiing distance for landing aircraft as much as possible.

Runway Configuration
•It is number and orientation of runways.
•Number of runways depends upon volume of traffic and orientation on prevailing wind pattern, kind use, size/ shape of the area and air space restrictions.
•ICAO recommends that the "usability factor of an aerodrome is not less than 95% for the aero planes that the aerodrome is intended to serve"
Should be arranged so as to: -
a.  Adequate separation in air traffic pattern.
b.  Cause least interference and delays in operations, 
c.  Provide shortest taxing distance from terminal area to runway ends.

        Runway Location Considerations 
The following factors should be considered in locating and orienting a runway:
• Wind
• Airspace availability
• Environmental factors (noise, air and water quality)
• Obstructions to navigation
• Air traffic control visibility
• Wildlife hazards

Runway Orientation and Winds 
 The orientation of the runway is an important consideration in airport planning and design
• The goal of this exercise is to define the runway orientation that maximizes the possible use of the runway throughout the year accounting for a wide variety of wind conditions
• FAA and ICAO regulations establish rules about runway orientation and their expected coverage 
• Ideally, all aircraft operations on a runway should be conducted against the wind
• Unfortunately, wind conditions vary from hour to hour thus requiring a careful examination of prevailing wind conditions at the airport site.
       Taxiways 
•Provide access from runways to terminal area and service hangers.
•Exit Taxiways (turnoffs) are used by landing aircrafts and
•Entrance Taxiways by the aircrafts which are due to takeoff. 
•Salient points are: -
a.  Taxiways should be so arranged that landing aircrafts do not interfere with takeoffs.
b.  One-way parallel taxiways should be provided when movement is expected in both directions.
c.  Shortest possible route from terminal area to takeoff end of the runway should be selected.
d.  Whenever possible taxiways to be routed to avoid crossing of runways.
e.  Exit taxiways should be located at various points along runways to enable landing aircraft to clear runways for other operation.
f.  To increase capacity, high-speed exits (less than 90°) should be provided.

 Holding Bays
•Also known as run up/warm up pads. 
•Necessary at near runway end for final checks prior to takeoff for piston engine aircrafts and wait for
  takeoff clearance for all aircrafts.
         •Some time a bypass taxiway is provided. Size depends upon the volume of traffic. 
 
         Holding Aprons 
a.  Small aprons, at convenient location for temporary storage of aircrafts waiting for a gate.
b.  ATC is responsible for directing to holding bays,
c.  Not required once capacity matches the demand.
d.  Good measure to cater for future saturation capacity conditions.


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