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The popularity of the third edition and reprints of the textbook of Strength of Materials amongst the students and the teachers of the various Universities of the country, has prompted the bringing out of the fourth edition of the book so soon. The fourth edition has been thoroughly revised and brought up-to-date. A large number of problems from different B.E. degree examinations upto 2005 of Indian Universities and other examining bodies, such as Institution of Engineers U.P.S.C. (Engineering Services) and Gate have been selected and have been solved at proper places in this edition in S.I Units.

Three advanced topics of Strength of Materials such as stresses due to rotation in thin and thick cylinders, bending of curved bars and theories of failure of the material have been added. These chapters have been written in such a simple and easy-to-follow language that even an average student can understand easily by self-study. In the chapter of 'Columns and Struts', the advanced articles such as columns with eccentric load, with initial curvature and beam columns have been included. The notations· in this edit~on have been used upto-date by the use of sigma and tau for stresses.

The objective type multiple-choice questions are often asked in the various competitive examinations. Hence a large number of objective type questions with answers have been added in the end of the book. Also a large number of objective type questions which have been asked in most of competitive examinations such as Engineering Services Examination and Gate with answers and explanation have been incprporated in this edition. With these editions, it is hoped that the book will be quite useful for the students of different branches.
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The writing of this book was motivated by a professional need to update changes in the reinforced masonry design philosophy that have occurred as a result of incorporation of strength design philosophy in the 2008 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures reported by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (referred to in this book as the MSJC-08 Code) and corresponding requirements of the 2009 International Building Code (2009 IBC), and to update changes brought out by the ASCE/SEI 7-05 Standard, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (referred to in this book as ASCE 7-05 Standard). While the fundamental principles of designing reinforced masonry structures discussed in the first edition (2001) of this book remain valid, revisions in codes, specifications, and reference standards applicable to design and construction of masonry structures that have since occurred required updating that book in the form of this second edition.

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In order to remain competitive, steelwork contractors have turned to new technologies in order to minimize their costs and meet the tighter deadlines which are being imposed by clients. To a very large extent the technological developments associated with computer aided detailing have played a major part in bringing profound improvements across  the industry. The art of steelwork detailing continues to play a pivotal role in the successful creation of any steel structure. New methods and procedures have given rise to a  process which is now highly integrated and dependent upon both upstream and downstream activities.

Codes of practice and engineering standards are constantly changing in the construction industry. Many British standards are now being superseded by European EN standards, but many are still in the transition stage. The manual attempts to clarify the present situation. It is however recognized that this is a constantly changing target, and the reader is advised to consult British Standards or any other recognized professional  steelwork organization to deter- mine the latest information. lt is to be hoped that future editions of the manual will contain lists of more firmly established relevant European standards.

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This book is aimed principally at university, college and polytechnic students who wish to understand concrete for the purpose of using it in professional practice. Because the book is written in English and because it uses both SI and the so-called old Imperial units of measurement, the book is of interest and value in many countries, probably world wide. The large incidence of material (as distinct from structural) failure of concrete structures in recent years bridges, buildings, pavements and runways is a clear indication that the professional engineer does not always know enough about concrete. Perhaps, in consequence of this ignorance, he or she does not take sufficient care to ensure the selection of correct ingredients for concrete making, to achieve a suitable mix, and to obtain a technically sound execution of concrete works. The effects of climate and temperature, and of exposure conditions, do not always seem to be taken into account in order to ensure lasting and durable concrete structures.

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Since the 1st edition of this book was published in 1975, major advances have been made in the subject "Dynamics Of Structures." While it would be impossible to give a comprehensive treatment of all such changes in this second edition, those considered to be of most practical significance are included.

The general organization of text material remains unchanged from the 1st edition. It progresses logically from a treatment of single ­degree­ of­ freedom systems to multi­ degree­ of­ freedom discrete­ parameter systems and then on to in finite degree­ of­ freedom continuous systems. The concept of force equilibrium, which forms the basis of static analysis of structures, is retained so that the experienced engineer can easily make the transition to performing a dynamic analysis. It is essential therefore that the student of structural dynamics have a solid background in the theories of statics of structures, including matrix methods, and it is assumed that the readers of this text have such preparation.

The theoretical treatment in Parts I, II, and III is deterministic in nature because it makes use of dynamic loadings which are fully prescribed even though they may be highly irregular and transient with respect to time. The treatment of random vibrations in Part IV is however stochastic (random) in form since the loadings considered can be characterized only in a statistical manner. An understanding of basic probability theory is therefore an essential prerequisite to the study of this subject. Before proceeding with this study, it is recommended that the student take a full course on probability theory; however, if this has not been done, the brief treatment of probability concepts given in Chapter 20 can serve as minimum preparation.

The solution of a typical structural dynamics problem is considerably more complicated than its static counterpart due to the addition of inertia and damping to the elastic resistance forces and due to the time dependency of all force quantities. For most practical situations, the solution usually is possible only through the use of a high­speed digital computer, which has become the standard tool of the structural dynamics. However, most of the problems in the text, which are intended to teach the fundamentals of dynamics, are quite simple in form allowing their solutions to be obtained using a hand calculator. Nevertheless, the student of dynamics of struc­tures should have previously studied computer coding techniques and the associated analytical procedures. Such background will permit an early transition from solv­ing dynamics problems by hand calculator to solving them on a PC computer using programs specially developed for this purpose. The program CAL­91, developed by Professor E. L. Wilson of the University of California, Berkeley, is such a program which has been used very effectively in teaching even the 1st course in Dynamics Of Structures. Instructors using this book are encouraged to implement such PC computer solutions into their courses so that more realistic problems can be considered.

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Although masonry has been used as a building material since the beginning of time, some members of the construction industry may be less familiar with many of its specific properties than they are with other building materials and a great deal is often left to chance in specifying, designing and constructing masonry walls. The purpose of the book is to provide a detailed reference book for construction professionals responsible for specifying and designing masonry structures. It provides detailed information on the units of construction and mortars and general guidance on the selection of materials for the various locations and site exposures.
The reasons for, and accommodation of, movements in masonry are discussed in etail, as well as bricklaying and blocklaying under winter conditions, frost attack, salts and stains, rain penetration, dampness in walls and remedial measures, wall finishes (plastering, rendering and painting etc.) and the thermal and sound insulation of walls.

The book does not cover advanced structural analysis and design, which is adequately covered elsewhere, but does give guidance on the empirical design of freestanding walls, laterally loaded and internal walls and partitions. It also gives an introduction to calculated loadbearing masonry, fin and diaphragm walls, reinforced and post tensioned walls and masonry cladding to timber framed construction. Fire resistance of masonry is discussed, as well as workmanship, quality control, bonds and finishes, and repairing and replacing masonry.

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How thick should the slab be?
How strong should the concrete be?
Is reinforcement needed?
Where should the joints be placed?
Can adding flbers enhance the slab3 performance?
When is post-tensioning appropriate?
What can be done to control cracking?

This how-to--do-it book provides practical answers to these and other major questions that confront owners and designers when an industrial floor is needed. It is intended to simplify and improve the design of slabs on grade for commercial and residential as well as industrial uses.

Design includes all of the decisions, specifications, and details made and documented before construction can begin. It is based on properties of both the subgrade support and the concrete material. The process determines thickness, any necessary reinforcement, and jointing details as well as standards for construction of the slab. The authors regard design as a two-step procedure: thickness selection is done by one of the methods listed below; then other features such as joint location and treatment and construction tolerances are determined. Even though these steps are intimately related, they are commonly thought of as two separate procedures.

Drawing on their combined experience of many decades at the forefront of slab design and construction technology, Ringo and Anderson have prepared a text designed to help professionals at many different levels of slab design expertise.

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This is the second book in a series devoted to the concept of value in buildings, and how those who involved in building procurement may ultimately produce buildings that represent the best ‘value-for-money’ outcomes. Like its precursor, Building in Value: Predesign Issues, it is intended both for students in construction- and property-related courses at the tertiary level and as a useful resource for industry professionals: property developers, project managers and cost engineers among others.
Once again a wide range of topics have been included, however, the design and construction of buildings is a broad and complex area and no single book could cover all the relevant areas. Once again, though, it brings together in one volume an introduction to many of the parts of the building procurement process that make up the design and construction phase. The reference and bibliography lists at the end of each chapter point readers to a wealth of related material and will thus facilitate in-depth self-directed study of selected topics, while the editorial comments that precede most of the chapters tie the content of individual chapters to the central theme of ‘building in value’.
The book is broken into three parts: the first is a review of recent trends and changes in building procurement, the second examines specific functional and procedural issues, while the third looks to the future and examines some of the innovations that are emerging in areas such as the production of ‘space age’ materials, automation of the construction process and new methods of space conditioning.
Contributions have come from many countries including Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, the USA, England, Scotland and Finland, and the authors once again include academics and practitioners. The first book in the series has been a success as it gives readers a convenient onevolume reference that provides a basic but solid grounding in the topic areas covered by the various authors. We believe that this book will serve a similar purpose and hope that students and professionals will find it equally useful.

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Structural analysis and design is a very old art and is known to human beings since early civilizations. The Pyramids constructed by Egyptians around 2000 B.C. stands today as the testimony to the skills of master builders of that civilization. Many early civilizations produced great builders, skilled craftsmen who constructed magnificent buildings such as the Parthenon at Athens (2500 years old), the great Stupa at Sanchi (2000 years old), Taj Mahal (350 years old), Eiffel Tower (120 years old) and many more buildings around the world. These monuments tell us about the great feats accomplished by these craftsmen in analysis, design and construction of large structures. Today we see around us countless houses, bridges, fly-overs, high-rise buildings and spacious shopping malls. Planning, analysis and construction of these buildings is a science by itself. The main purpose of any structure is to support the loads coming on it by properly transferring them to the foundation. Even animals and trees could be treated as structures. Indeed biomechanics is a branch of mechanics, which concerns with the working of skeleton and muscular structures. In the early periods houses were constructed along the riverbanks using the locally available material. They were designed to withstand rain and moderate wind. Today structures are designed to withstand earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones and blast loadings. Aircraft structures are designed for more complex aerodynamic loadings. These have been made possible with the advances in structural engineering and a revolution in electronic computation in the past 50 years. The construction material industry has also undergone a revolution in the last four decades resulting in new materials having more strength and stiffness than the traditional construction material.
The methods that we would be presenting in this course for analysis of structure were developed based on certain energy principles, which would be discussed in the first module.

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Our aim in writing this book is to bring out the broad issues affecting all design. We have not attempted to provide prescriptions, formulae or recipes to solve particular problems. These can all be found in codes, manuals and other books. We have instead concentrated on the factors affecting design and the process undertaken. Engineering education tends to be a compartmentalised learning of different techniques. The main missing link is the appreciation of the purpose behind these techniques, and the context of their application. We have tried to illustrate the all-pervasive nature of design.
The book is particularly aimed at young engineers and undergraduates. We hope that we have kindled their curiosity, so that students feel that their studies are purposeful. We believe that this in turn will allow the students to derive more from their curriculum. It is hoped that the book will enable them to appreciate the bigger picture, and how many of the skills they had acquired in a disparate fashion can be brought to play in a constructive manner. The book has been a pleasure to write, and our hope is that it contributes to the understanding of the creative activity that is design.

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As in the previous edition of Seismic Design of Building Structures, considerable effort was made to present the material in both customary U.S. and SI units. All of the examples and problems continue to give you a choice of units: You can choose to work solely in SI, solely in customary U.S., or in both (for twice the practice). This edition reverses the sequence of many dual-dimensioned items, however, placing the customary U.S. values first to correspond to the unit system typically used in actual seismic design.

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A good grasp of the theory of structures - the theoretical basis by which the strength, stiffness and stability of a building can be understood - is fundamental to structural engineers and architects. Yet most modern structural analysis and design is carried out by computer, with the user isolated from the process in action. This book, therefore, provides a broad introduction to the mathematics behind a range of structural processes.
The basic structural equations have been known for at least 150 years, but modern plastic theory has opened up a fundamentally new way of advancing structural theory. Paradoxically, the powerful plastic theorems can be used to examine 'classic' elastic design activity, and strong mathematical relationships exist between these two approaches. Some of the techniques used in this book may be familiar to the reader, and some may be new, but each of the topics examined will give the structural engineer fresh insight into the basis of the subject.

The theory of structures is one of the oldest branches of engineering. There was early interest in large, indeed ostentatious, buildings, and the design of such buildings needed more than peasant tradition; they were intended to be, and were, spectacular feats, and they required professional advice from acknowledged masters. Names of their designers are known through two or three millenia, and building manuals have survived through the same period. (Man showed also an early interest in waging war, and military engineering
is another ancient profession; civil engineers are non-military engineers.)
As might be expected from an ancient discipline, the theory of structures is an especially simple branch of solid mechanics. Only three equations can be written; once they are down on paper, the engineer can in principle solve the whole range of structural problems. Sometimes the equations can be examined individually; sometimes a simple tool, virtual work, can be used to combine them to yield surprising results. In every case, however, it is only the three master equations which come into play. Equations of statics will ensure that a structure is in equilibrium. Geometrical equations will ensure that all parts of a structure fit together before and after deformation, and that the structure rests securely on its foundations. Finally, the properties of the material used to build the structure will enter the equations relating the strain in a member to the applied stress.
These equations were, effectively, known by 1826 (Navier), or more certainly by 1864 (Barre de Saint-Venant). Of course, although the equations are essentially simple, individual pieces of mathematics may become difficult. By the end of the nineteenth century, indeed, many problems had been formulated completely, but the equations were so complex that they could not usually be solved in closed form, and numerical computation was impossibly heavy. This situation gave an exhilarating spur in the twentieth century to the development of highly ingenious approximate methods of solution, and also to a fundamental reappraisal of the whole basis of the theory of structures. These developments have now been almost completely arrested by the advent of the electronic computer; the Victorian equations, insoluble a century ago, can now be made to yield answers. That the equations may not be a good reflexion of reality, so that their solutions do not actually give the required information, is only slowly being realized.
This book is concerned with the basic equations and the way in which they should be used. The equations themselves have an intrinsic interest, as does their application to a whole range of structural problems. The later chapters of this book give a tiny sample, from the almost infinite number of topics in the theory of structures, for which the results are important, or startling, or simply amusing. structure (from the Latin struere) is anything built: say an arched bridge or a cathedral from stone; a ship or a roof (and perhaps a spire) from timber; an earth dam or an excavation in soil for a fortification; or (as isolated usages) iron bars (in China first) or vegetable ropes to form suspension chains in bridges. Before the Renaissance all these structures were built without calculation, but not without 'theory', or what today would be called a 'code of practice'. Mignot's statement in 1400, at the expertise held in Milan, that ars sine scientia nihil est (practice is nothing without theory), testifies to the existence of a medieval rule-book for the construction of cathedrals; the few pages of a builder's manual bound in with the book of Ezekiel in about 600 BC show that there were yet earlier rules. These rules, for construction in the two available materials, stone and wood, were essentially rules of proportion and, as such, are effectively correct.
Stresses in ancient structures are low, and this has helped to ensure their survival. The stone in a medieval cathedral, or in the arch ring of a masonry bridge, is working at a level of one or two orders of magnitude below its crushing strength. Similarly, deflexions of such structures due to loading are negligibly small (although the movements imposed by warping of the material or by slow movements of foundations may often be seen). What is necessary is that ancient structures should be of the right form; a flying buttress must be of the right shape, an arch ring must have a certain depth, and a river pier must have a minimum width. Correct form is a matter of correct geometry, and the ancient and medieval rules of proportion were established empirically to give satisfactory designs.

There are three main criteria which must be satisfied if a structure is to be successful (and a large number of other minor criteria that the modern designer will also take into account); they are those of strength, stiffness and stability. The homely example of a four-legged table may make clear the three aspects of performance that are being examined. The legs of the table must not break when a (normal) weight is placed on top, and the table top itself must not deflect unduly. (Both these criteria will usually be satisfied easily by the demands imposed by a dinner party.) Finally, the stability criterion may be manifest locally, or overall. If the legs of the table are slender, they may buckle when the overall load on the table is increased. Alternatively, if the legs are not at the four corners, but situated so that the top overhangs them, then placing a heavy weight near an edge may result in the whole table overturning.

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Tall buildings have a unique appeal, even an air of romance and mystery associated with their design. Developments in the last decade have produced many slender high-rise buildings, demanding that particular attention be paid to their complex behavior under lateral loads. Economic considerations routinely call for leaner and sparser designs that increasingly challenge the design professional to come up with safe and economical structural solutions. Existing technical literature is limited and until now there have been no books that deal exclusively with tall buildings. Most handbooks have limited sections, if any, on slender structures and their analysis.
Many admirable textbooks are available that address the design and analysis of building components, such as beams, columns, and trusses. Available books that consider the conceptual design of structures are broad in scope and are primarily intended to promote mutual understanding between architects and engineers. In today's engineering practice it is not unusual for the structural engineer to be called upon to conceptualize schematic options and to provide comparative alternatives before a final scheme is selected. Even experienced engineers find it hard to readily come up with various structural concepts because, other than their own library of experience, very little reference material is available. This book attempts to alleviate this problem by providing a systematic basis for conceptualizing different structural systems and by providing an orderly method of arriving at preliminary structural schemes.

High-rise architecture is continually changing, and prismatic shapes that were once very popular have given rise to terraced, setback, and splayed elevations. Computers have given the structural engineer of today the tools to respond to this changing architecture with daring structural solutions. No longer does the structural engineer require that the building be regular in plan and the interior and exterior columns line up with each other. Although the engineer may influence the locations of certain obvious structural elements, the trend today is to let the architect define the building appearance and then to come up with an economical structural system within the confines of the architect's requirement. This trend has resulted in some innovative and daring structural schemes. Fortunately for the layperson, the result has been usually an interesting, varied, and
sometimes flamboyant architecture that adds to the variety and interest of the skyscapes in urban cities.
Therefore, there is a need today for the structural engineer to be knowledgeable not only about the run-of-the-mill type of design but also about some of the less usual structural solutions. To this end, emphasis is placed in this book on the methodology of incorporating well-established structural solutions to modern high-rise architecture.
Application of the state-of-art solutions which have evolved as a natural extension of the proven systems are also discussed. In attempting to set a stage for the rest of the book, Chapter 1 introduces the evolution of high-rise architecture and its impact on the relative size and locations of various structural elements. An attempt is made in this chapter to lay the general foundation for the understanding of future chapters dealing with specific structural systems and their merits.
Tall buildings are uniquely characterized by requiring that lateral loads be a major design consideration. Two types of loads normally associated with lateral loads are wind and earthquake loads. Today the state of the art in determining the design wind load on a tall building, and indeed to verify the serviceability of the building in terms of comfort to the occupants, is to perform a wind tunnel test under simulated conditions. Chapter 2 deals with the characteristics of wind and their treatment in various building codes. The complex field of wind tunnel engineering is presented in a simplified manner.
Chapter 3 outlines seismic design, highlighting dynamic behavior. Static, dynamic, and time history analyses are outlined, with emphasis on practical analysis rather than on intriguing mathematical manipulations which fail to develop physical understanding of earthquake phenomena. In short, this book attempts to achieve a number of objectives: it is intended to bridge the gap that exists between a novice and an experienced high-rise designer. It systematically introduces the complex issues of conceiving and manipulating design options. The scope of the book is broad, but the author believes that enough in-depth material is included to make this book useful to practicing engineers. It is hoped that this book will also serve as a teaching tool for advanced high-rise structure courses in universities and in advanced seminars.

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Engineering is an activity concerned with the creation of new systems for the benefit of mankind. The process of creativity proceeds by way of research, design and development; new systems emerge from innovation and systems may be constituted by mechanical, electromechanical, hydraulic. thermal or other elements. Creation of new systems is thus basic to all engineering. The Living Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary aptly defines engineering as the art of excelling a partial application of scientific knowledge.
lt is important to understand the difference between engineering and science. Science is concerned with a systematic understanding and gathering of the facts, laws and principles governing natural phenomena. Engineering, on the other hand, is an art of utilisation of the established facts, laws and principles to create certain desired phenomena. The activities of science and engineering arc thus mutually opposite. Both may proceed through similar ways and means of analysis and synthesis but are oppositely directed. The training of scientists and engineers should be correspondingly designed for their respective objectives.

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Mechanical design is the design of a component for optimum size, shape, etc. against failure under the application of operational loads. A good design should also minimize the cost of material and cost of production. Failures that are commonly associated with mechanical components are broadly classified as:
(a) Failure by breaking of brittle materials and fatigue failure (when subjected to repetitive loads) of ductile materials.

(b) Failure by yielding of ductile materials, subjected to non-repetitive loads.

(c) Failure by elastic deformation.

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We build because most human activities cannot take place outdoors. We need shelter from sun, wind, rain, and snow. We need dry, level platforms for our activities. Often we need to stack these platforms to multiply available space. On these platforms, and within our shelter, we need air that is warmer or cooler, more or less humid, than outdoors. We need less light by day, and more by night, than is offered by the natural world. We need services that provide energy, communications, and water and dispose of wastes.
So, we gather materials and assemble them into the constructions we call buildings in an attempt to satisfy these needs.

Throughout this book many alternative ways of building are described: different structural systems, different systems of enclosure, and different systems of interior fi nish. Each system has characteristics that distinguish it from the alternatives. Sometimes a system is distinguished chiefly by its visual qualities, as one might acknowledge in choosing one type of granite over another, one color of paint over another, or one tile pattern over another.

One cannot gain all the knowledge needed to make such decisions from a textbook. It is incumbent upon the reader to go far beyond what can be presented here—to other books, to catalogs, to trade publications, to professional periodicals, and especially to the design offi ce, the workshop, and the building site.
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Settlement calculation is one of the three major issues in foundation engineering and it has not yet been resolved completely. Especially settlement calculation of super high-rise buildings still remains the most difficult problem for engineers. Due to lack of practical settlement data, there is few systematic research result and rarer monograph to investigate this special problem.
This book summarizes the author’s three decades of experiences and research results on deep foundation in design and construction of high-rise buildings. It presents a full coverage of settlement calculation issues theoretically with case studies, according to the characteristics and requirements of super high-rise buildings. It also brings forward the author’s several original research results, which form a series of settlement calculation theory and application on high-rise buildings.

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This book covers several related topics: the displacement method with matrix formulation, theory and analysis of structural dynamics as well as application to earthquake engineering, and seismic building codes. As computer technology rapidly advances and buildings become taller and more slender, dynamic behavior of such structures must be studied using state-of-the-art methodology with matrix formulation. Analytical accuracy and computational efficiency of dynamic structural problems depends on several key features: structural modeling, material property idealization, loading assumptions, and numerical techniques.

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This book provides a general introduction to the topic of three-dimensional analysis and design of buildings for resistance to the effects of earthquakes. It is intended for a general readership, especially persons with an interest in the design and construction of buildings under servere loadings.

A major part of design for earthquake resistance involves the building structure, which has a primary role in preventing serious damage or structural collapse. Much of the material in this book examines building structures and, specifically, their resistance to vertical and lateral forces or in combinations. However, due to recent discovery of the vertical component of acceleration of greater magnitude in the kobes’ earthquake the original concept of ‘‘lateral force only’’ has changed. This book does advocate the contribution of this disastrous component in the global analytical investigation.

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We emphasize the critical importance of good problem solving skills. In our.11worked examples, we teach students to think about problems before they ~egin their solution. What principles apply? What must be determined, and in what order? Separate Strategy sections that precede most of the examples ilius~te this preliminary analysis. Then we give a careful and complete description bf the solution, often showing alternative methods. Finally, many examples conclude with discussion sections that point out properties of the solution, or comment on and compare alternative solution methods, or point out ways to check the answers.

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